FINALPHASE II REMEDIAL INVESTIGATIONGAMBELL, ALASKAPrepared for:u.s. Army Engineer District, Alaska (Alaska District)December 23,1998Prepared by:Montgomery Watson4100 Spenard RoadAnchorage, Alaska 99517Montgomery Watson Project No. 1189010.15090440Contract No. DACA85-98-D-0007F1OAK069603__03.10_0012_a200-1 eNPDL WO# 96-0313TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARYES-l1.INTRODUCTION1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES1.2 PROJECT DESCRIP110N1.3 SITE DESCRIP110NIBACKGROUND INFORMATION1.3.1 Location1.3.2 Site Description1.3.3 Site History1.3.4 Previous Investigations1.4 REGIONAL SETIING1.4.1 Climate1.4.2 Topography1.4.3 Geology1.4.4 Hydrogeology1.4.5 Hydrology1.4.6 Demography and Land Use1.4.7 Ecology and Sensitive Environments1.4.8 Archaeological, Historical, and Cultural Resources1.5 INVESTIGATIVE SITE DESCRIPTIONS1.5.1 Site 1 - North Beach1.5.2 Site 2 - Former Military Housing/Operations Site1.5.3 Site 3 - Former Communications Site1.5.4 Site 4 - Sevuokuk Mountain1.5.5 Site 5 - Former Tramway Site1.5.6 Site 6 - Military Landfill1.5.7 Site 7 - Former Military Power Facility1.5.8 Site 8 - West Beach/Army Landfill1.5.9 Site 9 - Asphalt Barrel Cache1.5.10 Site 10 - Sevuokuk Mountain Trail System1.5.11 Site 11 - Communication Cable Route1.5.12 Site 12 - Nayvaghaq Lake Disposal Site1.5.13 Site 13 - Former Radar Power Station1.5.14 Site 14 - Navy Plane Crash Site1.5.15 Site 15 - Troutman Lake Ordnance Burial Site1.5.16 Site 16 - Gambell Municipal Building Site1.5.17 Site 17 - Army Landfills1.5.18 Site 18 - Former Main Camp1.5.19 Background Site1-11-21-21-31-31-41-41-41-61-61-71-71-81-91-101-101-111-121-121-131-141-151-171-181-181-191-191-201-201-211-211-211-221-221-231-231-23INVESTIGATION APPROACH AND PROCEDURES2·12.2.1 GENERAL FIELD OPERATIONS2.1:1 Site Reconnaissance2.1.2 Radia:' -.In ReconnaissanceFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation. Gambell, AlaskaDACA85-98-D-007 - DO 00042-12-12-1o page i2.1.3 North Beach Debris Exposure Reconnaissance2.1.4 Sampling Procedures2.2 QUALITY ASSURANCFlQUALITY CONTROL2.3 INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE3.4.5.RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION3.1 SITE 2 - FORMER MILITARY HOUSING/OPERATIONS SITE3.2 SITE 3 - FORMER COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY BURIAL AREA3.3 SITE 4 - SEVUOKUK MOUNTAIN3.3.1 Area 4B - Former Air Force Radar Site3.3.2 Area 4D - Transformers in Mountainside Drainage2-22-22-22-33-13-13-1· 3-23-23-2:SITE EVALVATION4.1 GATIlERINFORMATION4.2 COMPARE RESULTS TO BENCHMARK4.3 DETERMINE WHETIlER EXPOSURE PATRW AYEXISTS4.4 FURTIlER ACTION4-14-1.4-1.4-14-2REMEDIAL ACTION ..........•.............•........•.........•......•.•....•.••.......................................... 5-15.15.25.35.45.5APPLICABLE REGULATORY CRITERIAAREAS RECOMMENDED FOR CLEANUPRECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVE FOR TIlE INTERIM REMOVAL ACTION oFCONIHTRWRECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVE FOR TIlE REMOV AL ACTION OF BDIDRRECOMMEND ALTERNATIVE FOR SOIL REMOVAL AT SITE 4/AREA 4B5-15-15-15-25-36.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS6-17..REFERENCES7-1APPENDICESAppendix AAppendix BAppendix CAppendix DField FormsLaboratory Analytical Results SummaryAlaska District NPD Laboratory CQARSummary of Applicable Regulatory CriteriaFINAL Phase 1I Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskao page iiLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1-1Figure 1-2Figure 1-3Figure 1-4Figure 2-1Figure 2-2Figure 3-1Figure 3-2Figure 3-3Figure 4-1Vicinity Map - Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, AlaskaLocation Map - Gambell, AlaskaSite Locations - Gambell, AlaskaAreas of Concern - Sites 2, 3, and 4 - Gambell, AlaskaPhotographs of Selected Sites and Acti vitiesDebris Exposure at North BeachSite 2 and Site 3 Sample LocationsSite 4 (Area 4B) Sample LocationsSite 4 (Area 4D) Sample LocationsEnvironmental Fate and Transport1-241-251-261-272-42-53-33-43-5.4-3LIST OF TABLES1-11-22-12-2Investigative Sites and Historic FunctionsSummary of 1994 Analytical Data for Areas of ConcernSummary of Site Investigation ActivitiesSite Summary of Sampling Matrix and Analytical Parameters2-3 QAJQC Listing3-1 Summary of 1996 Analytical Data4-1 Site Evaluation5-1 Summary of DERP-FUDS Eligible Debris and Physical Hazards6-1 Summary of Conclusions of Phase II Remedial InvestigationFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaska1-281-292-62-72-83-64-25-46-2Qpage iiiLIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSAC&WSACHPADECAlaska DistrictATVBD/DRbgsBLMBNABTEXCDAPCFR2cmCONIHTRWCQARDERPDODDROE&EEPAFFUDSgpmlftGPRIDWkWLOAELmg/kgMSLNHPANPDLPCBsPCDFpg/gpptQAQA/QCQCRAATMRIDRISHPOSOWAircraft Control and Warning StationAdvisory Council on Historic PreservationAlaska Department of Environmental ConservationUnited States Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska Districtall-terrain vehiclebuilding demolition/debris removalbelow ground surfaceBureau of Land Managementbase neutral and acid extractable compoundsbenzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenesChemical Data Acquisition PlanCode of Federal Regulationscentimeter squaredcontaminated hazardous toxic or radiological wasteChemical Quality Assurance ReportDefense Environmental Restoration ProgramUnited States Department of Defensediesel range organicsE&E EnvironmentalUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyFahrenheitFormerly Used Defense Sitesgallons per minute per footground penetrating radarinvestigative-derived wasteskilowattlowest-observed-adverse-effect levelmilligrams per kilogrammean sea levelNational Historic Preservation Act of 1966North Pacific Division Laboratorypolychlorinated biphenylspolychlorinated dibenzofuranspicograms per gramparts per trillionquality assurancequality assurance/quality controlquality controlRemedial Action Alternatives Technical Memorandumreference doseRemedial InvestigationState Historic Preservation Officescope of workFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation. Gambell, Alaskao page ivTCDDTRPHugldluglkgURSUSGSVOCstetrachlorodibenzodioxintotal recoverable hydrocarbonsmicrograms per decilitermicrograms per kilogramURS CorporationUnited States Geological Surveyvolatile organic compoundsFINAL Plulse II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskaa page vEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report presents the results of the Phase II Remedial Investigation (RI) performed at theGambell Site on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, during July and August 1996. Gambell is locatedon the northwest tip of St. Lawrence Island in the western portion of the Bering Sea,approximately 200 air miles southwest from Nome, Alaska, and 39 air miles from the SiberianChukchi Peninsula. The RI was performed as part of the United States Army Corps ofEngineers, Alaska District (Alaska District) Defense Environmental Restoration Program Formerly Used Defense Sites (DERP-FUDS) Contract No. DACA85-93-D-00l1. Originally, 18sites were identified as part of the RI effort. As a result of a 1994 Phase I RI conducted byMontgomery Watson, five sites were identified as areas where additional data collection effortswere necessary to further quantify the extent of contamination.The 18 sites identified as part of the RI, including the background site, are listed below. Sitesretained as part of the Phase II RI are denoted with an asterisk; areas retained within sites aredenoted in bold.*Site 1North Beach:Area lA-Army Landing AreaArea IB-Air Force Landing AreaFormer Military Housing/Operations Site*Site 2*Site 3Former Communications Site*Site 4Sevuokuk Mountain:Area 4A-Quonset Hut AreaArea 4B-Former Radar StationArea 4C-Stream Drainage at South End of MountainArea 4D-Transformers in Mountainside Drainage*Site 5Former Tramway Site[Information concerning Gambell Site 5 will be contained in a separate report,"Remedial Investigation Gambell Site 5," by Montgomery Watson in 1999.]Site 6Military LandfillSite 7Former Military Power SitelFormer Motor PoolSite 8Army LandfillSite 9Asphalt Barrel CacheSite 10 Sevuokuk Mountain Trail SystemSite 11 Communications Cable RouteSite 12 Nayvaghaq Lake Disposal SiteSite 13 Former Radar Power StationSite 15 Troutman Lake Ordnance Burial SiteSite 16 Gambell Municipal Building SiteSite 17 Army LandfillsSite 18 Former Main CampBackground SiteFINAL Phase 11 RemediaL Investigation, Gambell. ALaskaa page ES-IThe site-specific reasons for concern and Phase II activities performed at the investigation areasare as follows:SiteSite 1Site 2Site 3Site 4/Area 48Site 4/Area 4DReason for ConcernPartially exposed military debris,dangerous to ATV and snowmobiletraffic.Elevated. levels of lead and othermetals detected in surface soils.Diesel range organics (DROs),beryllium, and thallium found at adepth of 5 feet.Trace levels of dioxins and severalpriority pollutant metals weredetected in surface soils.Trace levels of PCBs detected insediments.Phase II Activity PerformedAll easily removed exposed debriscollected, barged to Seattle forrecycling.Additional surface soil samplingperformed to delineate the arealextent of elevated lead.Surface soil sampling was performedto evaluate the presence of berylliumand thallium at the surface.Further surface soil sampling wasperformed to evaluate extent ofcontamination of priority pollutantmetals.Wipe sampling was performed onthree transformers for disposalcharacterization.Results of the Phase II sampling program indicated no significant surface soil or groundwatercontamination at Sites 2, 3, 4B and 4D. Information concerning Gambell Site 5 will becontained in a separate report, "Remedial Investigation Gambell Site 5" (Montgomery Watson,1999).This study indicates that only Site 4/Area 4B, investigated in the Phase I and Phase II Rls,warrants cleanup or removal of contaminated media. Contaminated soil removal at this site isplanned to be completed during BDIDR removal activities. There is a significant amount ofdebris on the ground surface and subject to exposure by erosion along North Beach that has beenidentified for removal under the DERP-FUDS categories for removal action. These removalaction categories include building demolition and debris removal (BDIDR) and containerizedhazardous toxic or radiological waste (CONIHTRW). All visible surface debris on North Beachwas removed or cut below the gravel surface and then barged during the 1997 field season toSeattle for recycling (Montgomery Watson, 1997a).FINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, AlaskaQpage ES-21. INTRODUCTIONPursuant to Contract No. DACA85-93-D-00ll, the United States Army Corps of Engineers,Alaska District (Alaska District), requested that Montgomery Watson address areas where furthercollection of data was necessary to resolve the extent of contamination at Gambell, St. LawrenceIsland, Alaska. This Phase II RI has been prepared according to the guidelines of the DERPFUDS of the United States Department of Defense (DOD).CA previous delivery order (DACA85-93-D-00ll, Delivery Order No. 0003) provided for aPhase I RI. The objectives of the Phase I RI were to gather sufficient chemical, geophysical, andhydrogeological data to identify and characterize sites requiring remediation, and to developremedial alternatives. Field work for the Phase I RI was completed in 1994; the Phase I RIreport, completed in January 1995 (Montgomery Watson, 1995a), presented the results of thefield investigations, chemical sampling and analysis, and quality assurance/quality control(QNQC) activities performed during the investigation.This Phase II RI report includes seven sections and four appendices describing remedialinvestigation activities, analytical results, data interpretation, and recommendations for closure.These sections are:Section 1Introduction - contains information on project objectives, site background,regional setting, and individual site descriptions.Section 2Investigation Approach and Procedures - explains investigation methods andprocedures.Section 3Results of the Investigation - contains specific information on geophysicalsurveys conducted, laboratory analytical results, and possible sources ofcontaminationSection 4Site Evaluation - describes a phased approach to evaluating areas of concern.Section 5Remedial Action -lists waste and debris eligible for removal from Gambell.Section 6Conclusions and Recommendations - presents conclusions based on Phase II RIefforts and recommendations for future activities on Gambell.Section 7References - documents sources of information used to complete this Phase II RIreport.Appendix AField Forms - contains sampling field note forms, a residents' survey, and fieldsurveys.FINAL Phase l/ Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskao page 1-1Appendix BLaboratory Analytical Results Summary - presents a summary of laboratoryanalytical results.Appendix CAlaska District North Pacific Division Laboratory (NPDL) CQAR - includes acopy of the Chemical Data Quality Assurance Report (CQAR) done by the AlaskaDistrict on data from the Phase II RI.Appendix DSummary of Applicable Regulatory Criteria - lists regulations pertinent to theGambell site.1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVESThe objective of the Phase II RI activities was to collect additional environmental samples to filldata gaps from the Phase I RI.1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe objective of project activities was to address the need for additional sampling infonnationconcerning contaminants in soil and groundwater at the site. The field activities included thefollowing tasks:•Wipe-sampling three transfonners (which were subsequently transported to Seattle forrecycling).•Perfonning individual investigative site reconnaissance, North Beach debris exposurereconnaissance, and radiological surveys at all known landfill locations and the burn siteat Site 4/Area 4B (Fonner Radar Site).•Collecting surface soil samples to further delineate the extent of contamination at threesites (Sites 2, 3, and 4) for the purposes of assessing the extent of contamination.•Mapping all sample locations using measurements from previously mapped features andcurrent surveys.•Collecting groundwater samples to detennine potential groundwater impacts adjacent toGambell's water supply.•Investigating the geophysical anomalies identified during the 1996 geophysical survey atSite 5 (Montgomery Watson, 1997b).•Collecting nine subsurface soil samples at Site 5 to further delineate any risk to the newvillage water well.•Constructing and sampling five additional monitoring wells to further delineate any riskto the new village water well.FINAL Phase II Remedial/nvestigation. Gambell. Alaskao page /-2•Developing groundwater contours to help evaluate any possible impact to the new villagewater well.The last five tasks are described in a separate report, "Remedial Investigation Gambell Site 5"(Montgomery Watson, 1999).1.3 SITE DESCRIPTION/BACKGROUND INFORMATIONSite description and background information contained in this Phase II RI has been summarizedfrom previous documents about the Gambell site and updated by current field conditionsidentified during the 1996 Phase II investigation. Further site description and backgroundinformation can be found in the documents listed below:•Site 5 Remedial Investigation, Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, MontgomeryWatson, 1999.•Final Investigation of Geophysical Anomaly, Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska,Montgomery Watson, December 1997b.•Remedial Action Alternatives Technical Memorandum, Gambell, St. Lawrence Island,Alaska, Montgomery Watson, November 1995b.•Remedial Investigation, Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, Montgomery Watson,January 1995a.•Chemical Data Acquisition Plan, Site Inventory Update, Gambell, St. Lawrence Island,Alaska, E&E, February 1993.•Site Inventory Report, Gambell Formerly Used Defense Site, St. Lawrence Island,Alaska, E&E, December 1992.1.3. 1 LocationGambell is located off the coast of western Alaska (Figure 1-1) on the northwest tip ofSt. Lawrence Island (Figure 1-2) in the western portion of the Bering Sea, approximately 200 airmiles southwest of Nome, Alaska. The island is accessible by boat or regularly scheduledcommercial airline from the city of Nome. Gambell is 39 air miles from the Siberian ChukotskPeninsula. The Village of Gambell is built on a gravel spit which projects northward andwestward from the island. The location of the site is 63 degrees 47 minutes north latitude and171 degrees 43 minutes west longitude, in Township 20 south, Range 67 west, Kateel RiverMeridian.FINAL Phase II Remedial investigation. Gambell, Alaskao page i-31.3.2 Site DescriptionThe Gambell site encompasses approximately 2.7 square miles of the island, and it extends fromthe top of Sevuokuk Mountain (at an elevation of approximately 620 feet above mean sea level)to the sea. The area of the Village of Gambell is relatively flat, with an elevation range of sealevel to approximately 15 feet mean sea level (MSL). There are no standing military structurespresent at the site.1.3.3 Site HistoryThe Gambell site was used by the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force fromapproximately 1948 until the late 1950s. Various facilities around the Village of Gambell wereconstructed to provide housing, communications, and other military functions. The U.S. AirForce operated an Aircraft Control and Warning Station (AC&WS) as early as 1948, but the sitewas abandoned about 1956 when a similar facility was constructed at Northeast Cape on thenortheast end of St. Lawrence Island (E&E, 1992). The Army operated a base at Gambell thatreportedly supported several hundred personnel. A search of historical record failed to yield baseplans or site information for the Army installation (URS, 1986). However, according to WinfredJames, a local Gambell resident, the army was active in Gambell from 1954 to 1957 (E&E,1992). Extensive background research into Naval activities at Gambell yielded no pertinentinformation. The Air Force land was transferred to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in1962, and the Army's land was transferred to BLM in 1963. All DOD structures weredemolished, burned, or scavenged and the debris buried on-site.St. Lawrence Island is currently owned jointly by Sivuqaq, Inc., in Gambell, Alaska, andSavoonga Native Corporation, in Savoonga, Alaska. Land not owned by Alaska Natives on St.Lawrence Island is limited to state lands used for airstrips and related facilities in Gambell(Montgomery Watson, 1995a). The area around the Village of Gambell is classified as aFormerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) under DERP.The Village of Gambell is inhabited primarily by Alaska Native Yupik people who lead asubsistence-based lifestyle. The Gambell area supports habitat for a variety of seabirds,waterfowl, and mammals that either breed in or visit the area. The area surrounding the top ofSevuokuk Mountain supports a large bird rookery. The birds and bird eggs serve as asubsistence food source to the local inhabitants. The ocean surrounding the Gambell area is usedextensively for subsistence hunting of walrus, seal, sea birds, polar bear, and whale.1.3.4 Previous InvestigationsIn 1985, URS Corporation (URS) conducted a file search and preliminary reconnaissance of theGambell site (URS, 1986). The site reconnaissance included an inventory of materials left by themilitary, and collection of a limited number of soil and water samples. The samples wereanalyzed for physical, biological, and chemical characteristics. Soil samples were analyzed forpolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Surface water and groundwater samples from six wells wereanalyzed for oil ap~ grease, PCBs, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), metals, and secondaryFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskao page 1-4water quality parameters. Sampling occurred at Sites 2,3,4/Area 4B, 4/Area 4D, 6, 7, and 13.No PCBs were detected in either soil or water. No contamination was found at Site 4/Area 4Band Site 4/Area 4D. The URS sample locations were not clearly defined and the validity of thedata is unknown (it is unclear whether or not the metals samples were filtered). In general,elevated concentrations of metals in groundwater found by URS were not substantiated by theresults of the Phase I RI perfonned by Montgomery Watson.The Alaska District awarded a contract for overall cleanup work on St. Lawrence Island in thefiscal year 1986. This contract was tenninated in April 1986, at a cost of over $1 million withoutanyon-site construction. This contract termination reportedly occurred because the local NativeCorporations were unwilling to provide a Letter of Non-Objection to the Alaska Department ofEnvironmental Conservation (ADEC) agreeing to Solid Waste Disposal Pennits as required inthe construction contract. In February 1988, a fonnal Land Use Agreement and Letter ofAgreement regarding access right-of-way and solid waste disposal for the island was developedby the Alaska District and the local Alaska Native Corporations (ADEC, 1991a).In July 1991, ADEC, Nome District, visited Gambell in order to respond to concerned citizens'complaints about military hazardous waste at Gambell and to sample the water in Troutman Lakeand Troutman Creek. The lake and creek water were analyzed for PCBs, VOCs, herbicides,pesticides, and metals. Analysis of the sample results concluded that Troutman Creek andTroutman Lake were not contaminated by chemicals (ADEC, 1991b).In 1991 and 1993, Ecology and Environment (E&E) conducted site reconnaissance visits andinterviewed individuals living at Gambell during the period of DOD occupation. E&Ecompleted a Site Inventory Report (E&E, 1992) as well as a Chemical Data Acquisition Plan(E&E, 1993). The Chemical Data Acquisition Plan (CDAP) by E&E served as a Work Plan forthe Phase I RI perfonned by Montgomery Watson.A Phase I RI was completed by Montgomery Watson in 1995 under contract to the AlaskaDistrict in accordance with the requirements of the Scope of Work (SOW) for Contract No.DACA85-93-D-00ll, Delivery Order No. 003.The objectives of the Phase I RI (Montgomery Watson, 1995a) were to gather sufficientchemical, geophysical, and hydrogeological data to identify and characterize sites requiringremediation, and to develop remedial alternatives for these sites. The RI report presented theresults of the field investigations, chemical sampling and analysis, and QAlQC activitiesperfonned during the investigation. Eighteen sites, including the Background Site, wereidentified as part of this RI effort and were either sampled, or observed and photographed duringa walk-through. Sites at which further evaluations were recommended are denoted in bold in thelist below, and are also shown on Figure 1-3.*Site 1North Beach:*Site 2Area lA-Army Landing AreaArea IB-Air Force Landing AreaFormer Military Housing/Operations SiteFINAL Phase II Remedial1nvestigation. Gambell. Alaskaa page 1-5Former Communications SiteSevuokuk Mountain:Area 4A-Quonset Hut AreaArea 4B-Former Radar StationArea 4C-Stream Drainage at South End of MountainArea 4D-Transformers in Mountainside Drainage*Site 5Former Tramway Site[Information 90ncerning Gambell Site 5 will be contained in a separate report,"Remedial Investigation Gambell Site 5," by Montgomery Watson in 1999.]Site 6Military LandfillSite 7Former Military Power Site/Former Motor PoolSite 8Army LandfillSite 9Asphalt Barrel CacheSite 10 Sevuokuk Mountain Trail SystemSite 11 Communications Cable RouteSite 12 Nayvaghaq Lake Disposal SiteSite 13 Former Radar Power StationSite 15 Troutman Lake Ordnance Burial SiteSite 16 Gambell Municipal Building SiteSite 17 Army LandfillsSite 18 Former Main CampBackground Site*Site 3*Site 4In the Phase I RI, sampling results from the investigated sites were compared to conservativebenchmark criteria in order to identify sites in which further evaluation was recommended.Many sites were removed from further consideration because contamination was not present, waspresent at concentrations below benchmark criteria, or site-specific criteria showed no risk tohuman health or the environment.Further site description and background information can be found in Section 1 of MontgomeryWatson's RI report (Montgomery Watson, 1995a) and the Remedial Action AlternativesTechnical Memorandum (Montgomery Watson, 1995b).1.4 REGIONAL SETTINGIn Section 1.4, various aspects of the Gambell site regional setting are briefly described,including climate, topography, geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, demography, land use,ecology and archaeology.1.4. 1 ClimateSt. Lawrence Island has a cool, moist, subarctic maritime climate with some continentalinfluences during winter, when much of the Bering Sea is capped '-'jth pack ice. Winds and fogFINAL Phase Il Remedial Investigation, Gambell, AlaskaQpage 1-6are common; precipitation occurs approximately 300 days per year as light rain, mist or snow.Annual snowfall is about 80 inches per year. Annual precipitation is about 16 inches per year,and more than half falls as light rain between June and September. Summer temperaturesaverage between 34° F and 48° F, with a record high of 65°F. Winter temperatures range from_2°F to 10°F, with an extreme low of _30°F (DRS, 1985). Freeze-up normally occurs in Octoberor November, and breakup normally occurs in June.The wind is generally in a northerly to northeasterly direction from September to June, andsouthwesterly in July and August. Winds exceeding 10 knots occur 70 percent of the time, andwinds average 20 knots in winter months. The average wind speed is 16 knots with windsexceeding 10 knots 70 percent of the time (USKH, 1993).1.4.2 TopographyThe Village of Gambell is located on a gravel spit which projects north and westward from theisland into the Bering Sea (Figure 1-2). Gambell is relatively flat, with an elevation range of sealevel to approximately 30 feet MSL (E&E, 1992). Sevuokuk Mountain forms the easternboundary of the gravel spit and rises steeply to a height of approximately 619 feet (DRS, 1985).The spit is relatively barren and is sparsely covered by beach grass. Tundra is present near moistareas at higher elevation, such as Sevuokuk Mountain.1.4.3 GeologyA reconnaissance investigation of the geology of St. Lawrence Island was conducted by the U.S.Geological Survey (Patton and Csejtey, 1971, 1980). The island is composed of oldersedimentary rocks (limestone, graywacke, and shale), granitic rocks (monzonite), and Quaternarybasalt and unconsolidated surficial deposits.The Gambell Village area is underlain by highly permeable, unconsolidated Quaternary gravels,with minor coarse sands, over continuous permafrost occurring at 3 to 15 feet below groundsurface (bgs). The gravels have strong linear topographic expressions and were likely depositedas successive beach ridges. The gravels may be deposited on an underlying wave-cut terrace ofthe same bedrock which composes Sevuokuk Mountain (Patton and Csejtey, 1971). Theboundary of relatively flat-lying gravel of the Gambell Village area and the granitic rocks ofSevuokuk Mountain consists of several colluvial aprons formed by erosion of bedrock highlands.Sevuokuk Mountain is composed of Cretaceous quartz monzonite, a gray, coarsely crystallinegranite rock rich in quartz and feldspars. The Cretaceous quartz monzonite of the SevuokukMountain Pluton is exposed along the cliffs and higher elevations on the island. Exposedoutcrops of quartz monzonite are coarsely crystalline and massive, with widely-spaced (1 foot to3 feet) joints (Montgomery Watson, 1995a). A ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveyconducted 80 feet west of the base of Sevuokuk Mountain, north of Site 5 (Former TramwaySite) located the contact between the gravel deposits and bedrock at a depth of approximately20 feet. Radar signatures from the bedrock suggest it is fractured or jointed (Golder, 1994). ThisFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation. Gambell, Alaskilo page 1-7is consistent with surface expressions of the quartz monzonite. The mountain is topped by a flat,wave-cut plateau.Additional information on soils in the Gambell area is available in the following documents:•Soil Investigation/Bering Straights Regional Housing Authority, Gambell, Alaska (DuaneMiller & Associates, 1995).•Analysis of Potable Water-Supply Options, Gambell, Alaska (Munter and Williams,1992).•Geotechnical, Geophysical & Soil Groundwater Quality Studies, Gambell, Alaska (RZA,1985).1.4.4 HydrogeologyGroundwater occurs within the highly permeable gravels under much of the Gambell area and asshallow subsurface water recharged from the slopes of Sevuokuk Mountain. Groundwater hasbeen encountered at depths ranging from 2 to 17 feet, and is postulated to perch abovecontinuous permafrost. In several local areas, permafrost acts as an impermeable layer. Shallowgroundwater beneath Gambell does not appear to be continuous because of the presence ofshallow permafrost (Munter and Williams, 1992).During the Phase I RI, permafrost was encountered as shallow as 3 feet bgs south of TroutmanLake, and as deep as 15 feet in the central Gambell area. Along the coastline, permafrost was notencountered. Thin lenses of gravels with an ice matrix occur at various depths above thepermafrost horizon. These lenses are discontinuous and are several inches to 1 foot thick. Thisice granulates and shatters easily during sampling. These thin layers are not likely to remainpermanently frozen, and they are not considered year-round impermeable layers. The perchedaquifer is thick in areas where the permafrost surface is deeper, and thin or not present in areas ofshallow ice. Along the shorelines and the base of Sevuokuk Mountain, permafrost isencountered at deeper depths than in the central Gambell area.Beyond the obvious role of climatic conditions, permafrost and groundwater distribution may becontrolled by environmental conditions unique to the Gambell area, including tidal activity alongthe shoreline and surface water recharge.The sandy-gravelly spit material in which the Gambell site is located consists of a selectivedepositional environment determined by the confluence of long-shore currents. These currentstend to transport sediments northward along the western side of St. Lawrence Island where, at thenorthernmost tip, a reduction in transfer energy permits the deposition of medium-coarse sandsand fine gravels, forming the existing spit (URS, 1985).Based on slug test data collected at the site, the hydraulic conductivity of the coarse sand andgravels underlying the Gambell spit are in the range of 30 to 1,500 feet/day (MontgomeryFINAL Phase II Remedial1nvestigation, Gambell, Alaskao page 1-8Watson, 1995a). Specific capacity measurements of 200, 86, and 100 gpm/ft taken at threemonitoring wells during the Phase I RI also indicate a high transmissivity.Additional information on groundwater dynamics in the Gambell area is available in thefollowing documents:•Remedial Investigation, Gambell, St. Lawrence Island (Montgomery Watson, 1995a)•Evaluation of Ground Water at a Proposed Wastewater Disposal Site, Gambell, Alaska(Munter, 1994)•Water Hydrological Data, Water-Resources Reconnaissance of Gambell and SavoongaVillages, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska (Alaska Department of Health, 1959)•Presentation of Data from the Gambell, Alaska Well Project (Ireland, 1994)•Aquifer Exploration, Exploitation and Dynamics at Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska(Munter and Knoll, 1993)•Analysis of Potable Water-Supply Options, Gambell, Alaska (Munter and Williams,1992)•Geotechnical, Geophysical & Soil Groundwater Quality Studies, Gambell, Alaska (RZA,1985)1.4.5 HydrologyDue to the highly permeable gravels over continuous permafrost on which Gambell is built,standing water is localized. Surface water features in the vicinity of Gambell consist ofTroutman Lake and Nayvaghaq Lake. These lakes are similar in characteristics to lagoons. Theacreage of these lakes is estimated as 574 and 93 acres, respectively; however, seasonal climacticchanges may affect the water levels and extent of the lakes. Based on measurements of specificconductivity, both are brackish. Brackish water is caused by storm surges which are reported tobreak over the spit periodically (Munter and Williams, 1992).Numerous small, ephemeral ponds and bogs are present on the tundra east of Troutman andNayvaghaq Lakes. The plateau of Sevuokuk Mountain supports wet tundra and bogs; smallstream channels drain the western slopes of Sevuokuk Mountain. Many of these stream channelsreach the base of the mountain and turns north to discharge into the "cannon shape" aquiferwhose gradient leads to the ocean along the western edge of Sevuokuk Mountain (Figure 1-4).The influence of warm recharge water from Sevuokuk Mountain has produced a throw bulbeffect on the area permafrost, resulting in a deeper permeable aquifer. This aquifer is surroundedby shallow, impermeable permafrost (Ireland, 1994).FINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskaa page 1-91.4.6 Demography and Land UseAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, the 1990 year-round population of Gambell was 525persons, with 505 of Yupik descent (U.S. Census Bureau, 1996). There are 164 (1998) homes inthe village, two stores, and municipal, community, and educational buildings.1.4.7 Ecology and Sensitive EnvironmentsThe Gambell area supports habitat for a variety of seabirds, waterfowl, and mammals that eitherbreed in or visit the area. The ocean surrounding the Gambell area is used extensively forsubsistence hunting of walrus, seal, sea birds, polar bear, and whale.VegetationVegetation in the gravel spit areas of Gambell is rare. Where present in other areas at higherelevation, vegetation in the Gambell area is classified as moist tundra, and is dominated byheaths, grasses, sedges, mosses, and lichen with prostrate dwarf birch and willow. These plantsare typically growing on 1 to 3 feet of undecayed organic mat over saturated and frozen soil.Wet tundra is found in the low marshylbog areas, while alpine tundra (dwarf, prostrate plantsincluding heaths and tundra species adapted to dry, thin soil conditions) is found on the slopesand exposed ridges primarily on Sevuokuk Mountain (USKH, 1993). Military activities, privateall terrain vehicles (ATVs), and other community activities have ravaged most of the vegetationon the coarse gravels and sand around Gambell and Troutman Lake (URS, 1985).BirdsBirds inhabiting the Gambell area include seabirds, waterfowl and geese, other water birds,raptors, and passerine species (USKH, 1993). St. Lawrence Island provides habitat for amajority of the seabirds in the northern Bering Sea. Seventeen breeding colonies of species,including auklets, murres, puffins, guillemots, gulls, and cormorants, occur on the perimeter ofthe island. Waterfowl and geese use the coastal waters, ponds, and moist tundra wetlands of theGambell area for nesting, molting, feeding, and migration resting/staging. Natives report thatthey hunt and use as a food source many of these species of waterfowl and geese on the island(URS, 1985).MammalsLarge mammals are generally not abundant on St. Lawrence Island. However, polar bears can beseen on the island year-round, especially when the ice pack is near shore. A population of abouta thousand reindeer can also be found on the island. In addition, arctic fox, crossfox (lesscommonly), red fox and several small mammals (tundra shrew, Arctic ground squirrel, theGreenland collared lemming, the red-backed vole, and the tundra vole) can be seen on the island(URS, 1985).FINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation. Gambell. Alaskno page 1-10Marine mammals are present in the vicinity of Gambell as seasonal migrants in the offshore andnear-shore marine waters, at haul-out sites, and in association with the advancing and retreatingpack ice. However, no haul-out areas exist within the Gambell area. During the summer, walrus,whales, sea lions, and spotted seals may be present in the offshore waters. During the ice season,ringed seals, bearded seals, walrus, and spotted seals can be found in near-shore and offshoreleads and open water. Whales that can be seen near Gambell include bowhead, gray, minke,killer, and beluga whales (USKH, 1993).FishTen primary species of fish reside in the streams and tundra ponds of S1. Lawrence Island. Theseinclude blackfish, nine-spined stickleback, grayling, Arctic char, and whitefish. Five species ofPacific Salmon occur around the island. The fisheries resources in Troutman Lake, which is thelargest lake in northwest S1. Lawrence Island, have not been determined (URS, 1985).Endangered or Threatened SpeciesEndangered or threatened species of animals on S1. Lawrence Island include the Spectacled Eider(endangered), the Steller's Eider (proposed threatened) and the Steller's sea lion (threatened).Polar bears are not an endangered or threatened species; however, they are protected under theMarine Mammal Protection Act. Alaska Natives are exempt from this act and are allowed tohunt polar bears for subsistence purposes or for handcrafts, as long as the population is notdepleted and the takes are not wasteful. Vegetation that are proposed threatened on the island areRumex krause; and Primula tschuktschorum.1.4.8 Archaeological, Historical, and Cultural ResourcesThe Gambell site has the potential for significant archaeological, historical, and culturalresources. As such, excavation activities associated with the site should be undertaken only afterthe Section 106 process promulgated under the State Historic and Preservation Office (SHPO)has been completed. This process, although a federal regulation under 36 CFR 800 of theNational Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), is administered by SHPO. The processentails the identification and evaluation of potential historical properties and federal reviewthrough the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP).If, at any time during activities conducted at the Gambell site, there is a question as to theeligibility or identification of items or areas which may be of archaeological, cultural, orhistorical importance, the guidelines set forth under Section 106 should be observed. Anyactivities that may affect the area or item in question will cease until the nature of the area oritem is discerned.An archaeological and historical survey will need to be performed and completed prior to anycontractor work beginning at the site. The Alaska District should have an archaeologist on siteduring any construction activities to provide preconstruction briefings regarding the potential forarchaeological artifacts to be found at the site.FINAL Phase 11 Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskaa page 1-111.5 INVESTIGATIVE SITE DESCRIPTIONSThe identified investigation sites retained for further investigation ("areas of concern"), as listedin Section 1.3.4, are described in detail below, as well as other sites visited during the Phase I RI.After site descriptions, contaminants of concern and recommended remedial actions forcontainerized hazardous toxic or radiological waste (CON/HTRW), building demolition anddebris removal (BDIDR), an.d soil and water are listed. A summary of analytical data from theareas of concern prior to the Phase II investigation is shown on Table 1-2. The investigative sitedescription information is derived from E&E's Site Inventory (E&E, 1993) as well asobservations made during Montgomery Watson's 1994 through 1998 Rls.1.5.1 Site 1 - North BeachNorth Beach is the coastline strand which extends approximately 7,000 feet along the northshoreline of Gambell, from the base of Sevuokuk Mountain to West Beach (Figure 1-3). NorthBeach is largely undeveloped, except for the area immediately surrounding the Village ofGambell where there is a human waste landfill, a drum dump with discarded aboveground tanksand household refuse, and a fenced solid waste landfill. In addition, there is a barge landing areaat a location on North Beach and at West Beach (Figure 1-3). Residents use North Beach to fishand ride ATVs.Area lA, the former Army Landing Area, is located in the central portion of North Beach wheretwo well-established ATV roads intersect. It is located east of the barge landing area.Area IB, the Former Air Force Landing Area, is located adjacent to a beach berm approximately1,900 feet east of the southeast corner of Site IIArea lA. Near the northeast corner of the site isa decaying drum. Rust-stained gravel and a 5-foot by 4-foot patch of tar-stained gravel suggestsa former roadbed near the center of the area.Investigations completed at Site 1 during the Phase I RI included geophysical surveys, drillingand installing eight monitoring wells (five at Area lA and three at Area IB), and collectingsubsurface soil at each monitoring well location, two surface soil samples (one at each area), andeight groundwater samples for chemical analysis. Analytical results indicated no significantcontaminants of concern at Site 1 (Montgomery Watson, 1995a).As a result of significant landfill debris being exposed by wind and wave erosion, 'a debrisreconnaissance was performed during the 1996 Phase II investigation to determine the rate atwhich landfill materials have been uncovered since 1994.Partially exposed military debris continued to cause a danger to ATV and snowmobile trafficthrough the Gambell area, especially on North Beach and near ATV trails. In 1997, all easilyremovable exposed debris on North Beach was collected and barged to Seattle for recycling.This also included the exposed portions of the large buried debris, i.e., crane tower and pulleyFINAL Phase II Remedial Investiga'tion. Gambell, AlaskaQ page I-I2systems, which were cut off just below the gravel surface and covered with gravel (MontgomeryWatson, 1997a).Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: NoneBDIDR: Remove buried debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.2 Site 2 - Former Military Housing/Operations SiteSite 2, the Former Military Housing/Operations Site, is located approximately 600 feet south ofArea 1B, the Former Air Force Landing Area (Figure 1-3). This site includes: a former MilitaryHousing/Operations Burial Site, a Power Plant Burial Site, and an Ordnance Burial Site, allreportedly located in the southeast portion of the Gambell area. All of the facilities associatedwith these areas were allegedly demolished and buried on-site. Exposed debris observed duringthe 1994 and 1996 investigations from the Former Military Housing/Operations Site included:remnants of an apparent fireplace and a concrete pad, pieces of burned wood, scattered metaldebris, and two locations of discolored gravel. Remaining debris from the Former Power Plantincludes a large gear, rectangular metal boxes, part of a tiltdozer blade which protruded from theground, a portion of weasel track, and rusted metal fragments.Investigations completed at Site 2 during the Phase I RI included a geophysical survey (EM-31conductivity and GSM-19 magnetometry), drilling and installation of three monitoring wells,collection of subsurface soil at each monitoring well location, two surface soil samples, and threegroundwater samples for chemical analysis. In addition, fibrous materials observed on-site werecollected for asbestos analysis. Site 2 was retained for further investigation following the 1994RI due to elevated concentrations of lead and other metals in surface soils. Most notable was alead concentration of 749 mg/kg detected in surface soil sample 27 (SS27) during the 1994 RI(Montgomery Watson, 1995a). Concentrations of metals from a second surface soil sample atthe site were not elevated, and the aerial extent of metal contamination was unknown. It wasbelieved that the elevated metals concentrations were most likely caused by the debris containedin the Former Housing/Operations Burial Area.Additional surface soil samples for lead analysis were collected during the 1996 Phase IIinvestigation surrounding the location of elevated metals concentration (SS27). Eight surfacesoil samples were collected at 5-foot and lO-foot intervals from SS27. The S-foot samples werecollected in the four cardinal directions, and the lO-foot samples were taken at 45 degrees fromthe cardinal directions.Contaminants of Concern: LeadFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskao page 1-13Recommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove metal debris and large gearBD/DR: Remove empty drumsSoil and Water: No further action1.5.3 Site 3 - Former Communications Si'I'eSite 3, the Former Communications Site, is located approximately 700 feet southeast of Area IB,and 750 feet northeast of Site 2 (Figure 1-3). Items that were reportedly buried in this area(E&E, 1993) include: two Jamesway huts, a 10- to 15- kilowatt (kW) power plant containingauxiliary generators, transformers, oils, fuels, and batteries, and approximately 5 to 10 glasscarboys of sulfuric acid. Exposed aboveground debris observed during the 1994 and 1996 RIsincludes metal debris, pipe, and anchors for guy wire.Investigations completed at Site 3 during the Phase I RI included a geophysical survey, drillingand installation of two monitoring wells, and collection of subsurface soil and groundwatersamples. Priority pollutant metals, including beryllium, cadmium, mercury, selenium, silver, andthallium, were detected above regulatory benchmark criteria (see Table 1-2) in soils collected at adepth of 2.5 feet. Beryllium and thallium are unlikely to occur naturally at these concentrations.Petroleum hydrocarbons were also detected at depths of up to 5 feet at a maximum concentrationof 533 mg/kg. Because of the shallow depth of the contaminated soil, it was hypothesized that asurface source which is no longer present was responsible for the contamination (MontgomeryWatson, 1995a).Further investigations were performed at Site 3 during the 1996 Phase II RI. In order to assessthe risk of the contamination, additional surface soil samples for beryllium and thallium analysiswere collected 120 degrees apart at 5-foot intervals from MW9. Additionally, one sample wascollected directly adjacent to the monitoring well.Contaminants of Concern: BeryIli urn and thalli urnRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove drumsBD/DR: Remove buried debrisSoil and Water: No further actionFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, AlaskaQpage 1-141.5.4 Site 4 - Sevuokuk MountainThis site has been broken up into four separate areas for purposes of the investigation. These areshown on Figure 1-3 and include:•Area 4A - the remains of two Quonset huts and the surrounding area;•Area 4B - the Former Air Force Radar Station Area;•Area 4C - the area at the southern end of the mountain where drums were found in astream drainage; and•Area 40 - the area which contains three transformers in a mountainside drainage abovethe Village of Gambell water supply pump house.Site 41Area 4A - Quonset Hut AreaArea 4A, the Quonset Hut Area, contains the frames of two fallen Quonset huts. In addition tothe two transformers indicated in the COAP (E&E, 1993), an additional transformer was locatedin the vicinity by the Montgomery Watson field team. The additional transformer located byMontgomery Watson field personnel was empty, with some apparent rust. Surface soil samplesfor total recoverable hydrocarbons (TRPH), PCB, base neutral and acid extractable compounds(BNA), and dioxin analysis were collected during the 1994 Phase I RI. All results were belowdetection limits.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove drums, transformers, and generatorBOIDR: Remove buried debrisSoil and Water: No further actionSite 4/Area 48 - Former Radar StationArea 4B, the Air Force Radar Station Area, covers an approximately 375-foot by 500-foot areawhere buildings burned down, causing ordnance to explode and, in tum, scattering debris.Remains of the site include a 3D-square foot area of stained soil that contains scattered rusteddebris and burned timbers, a standing steel pole (useful in locating the site), and a fallentransformer pole (no transformer present).The area surrounding Site 4/Area B was formerly used for animal trapping. However, residentsrarely trap animals to the extent historicall" trapped.FINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskaa page I-ISThe topography of Site 4/Area B consists of large cobbles and boulders that have staining incertain areas. The site has approximately 50% vegetative cover, with the majority being mainlylichen, with some sedges and grasses. The remainder of the site consists of silty sands andcobbles having very little moisture and high fetch. There are no drainages or standing water onthe site. The predominant wind direction is northwest or northeast (Apatiki and Tungiyen,1996).Three surface soil samples were collected at a burned area and analyzed for TRPH, PCBs,priority pollutant metals, BNA, dioxins, and furans during the 1994 investigation. Lead,antimony, arsenic, cadmium, and copper were present at concentrations above EPA Region IIIrisk-based levels (EPA, 1996a) and normal background concentrations (Montgomery Watson,1995a). Dioxins, represented in terms of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalence also exceeded EPA RegionIII risk-based criteria. Contaminant concentrations, benchmark, and risk-based criteria areshown in Table 1-2.To assess the maximum concentration of metals contamination and the potential risks to humanhealth and the environment, a total of four samples were collected within the boundary of thestained area during the Phase II investigation. The samples were analyzed for antimony, arsenic,cadmium, copper, and lead.Contaminants ofConcem: Antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, leadRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove drums, tank, generator, engine blockBD/DR: Remove buried debrisSoil and Water: Remove soilsSite 4/Area 4C • Stream Drainage at South End of MountainDiscarded drums were located in Area 4C in a stream drainage at the southern end of SevuokukMountain along the Site lO-Mountain Trail System. Seen at this site during the Phase I RI werea wooden frame and scattered drums, some of which were located directly in the stream drainagewhich passes through a culvert underneath the mountain trail system.It was reported by a local resident, Winnie James, Sr., that transformers were located in thewooden framed building at the site. A drainage leads through the area including the woodenframe building; this was the location area of three sediment samples taken for PCB analysisduring the Phase I RI. No PCBs were detected at Site 4/Area 4C.Contaminants of Concem: NoneFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskaa page 1-16Recommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: NoneBD/DR: NoneSoil and Water: No further actionSite 4/Area 4D - Transformers in Mountainside DrainageArea 4D is located where three transformers were observed in a mountainside drainage on top ofSevuokuk Mountain above the Village of Gambell water supply during the 1994 investigation.Ex.posed debris at this location includes three empty electrical transformer casings, rustedsupport structures for a Quonset hut, drums, sonar cable and wire, sheet metal, and a guy wireanchor.Four sediment samples and one hand-augered soil sample were collected during the 1994investigation and analyzed for PCBs. Three of these sediment samples were taken adjacent tothe three transformers, and one was taken upslope of the transformers for background results.Aroclor® 1254 was detected at a concentration of 194 micrograms per kilogram (J..lg/kg) at theupslope (background) location (SEI62). The concentration detected is below regulatory criteriafor soils (1 mg/kg), although a criterion has not been established for sediments (Table 1-2).The three transformers were wipe-sampled during a preliminary Phase II visit in order toadequately characterize the transformers for future disposal. Results of the wipe samplesallowed the transformers to be transported to Anchorage for recycling (Montgomery Watson,1997b).Contaminants of Concern: PCBsRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Transformers removed in 1997; no further actionBD/DR: Remove metal debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.5 Site 5 - Former Tramway SiteSite 5 is located approx.imately 1,920 feet southeast of the Former Military Power SitelFormerMotor Pool (Site 7). This site includes two disposal areas, the Cable Burial Area and theSecondary Transformer Burial Area (E&E, 1993).FINAL Phase l/ Remedial Investigation, Gambell, AlaskaQpage 1-17Information concerning Gambell Site 5 will be contained in a separate report, "RemedialInvestigation Gambell Site 5" (Montgomery Watson, 1999).Contaminants of Concern: DRORecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: No further actionBDIDR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.6 Site 6 - Military LandfillThis site is located north of the Gambell High School. During the 1994 Phase I RI, extensiveconstruction was being done for an expansion of the high school. While excavating thefoundation on June 15 through 17, 1994, Neeser Construction uncovered a debris burial pileapproximately 50 feet in diameter and 15 feet high, an apparent portion of a military landfill.The buried debris uncovered by Neeser Construction in 1994 is not eligible for cleanup under theDERP-FUDS program since the debris, an apparent military landfill, was safely covered in-placeuntil excavated up by Neeser Construction. Other exposed debris remaining at Site 6 includesnumerous partially-exposed drum remnants and weasel tracks.URS reported the presence of 3,000 drums filled with human waste that were buried at Site 6during military activities at Gambell (E&E, 1992). The barrels containing human waste werereportedly treated with lime prior to final sealing, and then buried underneath a thin soil covering(URS, 1985a). During the 1994 RI, Montgomery Watson field personnel noted that severalbarrels were visible throughout the area.The Village of Gambell reburied the unearthed debris near the North Beach City Landfill.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove exposed drumsBDIDR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.7 Site 7 - Former Military Power FacilityF1NAL Phase 11 Remedial1nvestiga'tion, Gambell, Alaskaa page 1-18This facility was reportedly buried north of the municipal building in an estimated 375-foot by85-foot area. Remaining surface debris includes protruding power cable, copper wire, and rustedmetal. This debris marks the area where the primary transformers were allegedly buried (E&E,1993). The debris excavated from the 1994 high school expansion was piled in the center ofSite 7.There are several areas of stained gravel on the west side of a diesel/gasoline pipeline which runssouth from North Beach and branches east and west near the center of, the site. Also, burnedwood, sonar cable, and landing mat are located near a concrete pad at the east end of the site. Aformer motor pool was reportedly located near this concrete pad.Contaminants of Concem: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: NoneBD/DR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.8 Site 8 - West BeachlArmy landfillThe Army Landfill at Site 8 is located near West Beach, which extends for approximately threemiles from the southwest end of North Beach to Nayvaghaq Lake along the western shore.Remaining surface debris includes scattered metal, small quantities of wood and concrete, and anexposed 25- to 30-foot wide layer of landing mat which reportedly underlies the existing runwayand the road south of the runway for 4,500 feet. The Army Landfill is located on the northwestside of Nayvaghaq Lake.Contaminants of Concem: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove drumsBD/DR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.9 Site 9 - Asphalt Barrel CacheRemaining surface debris from the Former Asphalt Barrel Cache located east of the runwayincludes two areas having up to six apparently empty 55-gallon drums with associated tar-likeFINAL Phase II Remedial1nvestigation, Gambell, AlaskaQ page 1-19soil stains that are approximately 100 square feet in area. According to E&E (1993), these drumsare not of DOD origin.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: NoneBDIDR: NoneSoil and Water: No further action1.5.10 Site 10 - Sevuokuk Mountain Trail SystemThis trail system ongmates at the southeast end of Troutman Lake and separates to formindividual trails to the north, south, and east. Two of these trails, the Army Trail and the AirForce Trail, lead to the top of Sevuokuk Mountain. These trails are marked by approximately157 empty 55-gallon barrels located approximately 200 feet apart. Other noticeable debrisincludes landing mat and weasel track.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove exposed drumsBDIDR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.11 Site 11 - Communication Cable RouteThis site extends eastward approximately 2,700 feet from the Former Military Power Facility(Site 7) across the Former Tramway Site (Site 5) to the base of Sevuokuk Mountain. Four sonarcables extend from the base of the mountain to a destroyed Jamesway building that served as theNavy Sonar Pick-up Station (E&E, 1993). This station was located approximately 300 feet westof the Army Trail at Site 10. During the 1994 RI, the only evidence of sonar cables observed bythe field team were some cable spools near Site 4/Area 4D.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove exposed dfl'!1SFINAL Phase II Remedial Investigation, Gambell, AlaskaQpage 1-20BDIDR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.12 Site 12 - Nayvaghaq Lake Disposal SiteThis site is located south of Site 13 and north of Nayvaghaq Lake, on the southwest side of an .ATV trail which extends south from the runway. This site includes a north area at theintersection of the ATV trails, and another area approximately 470 feet further south. The northarea contains approximately 120 drums, battery remnants, and household refuse. The southernarea contains approximately 50 drums, about 18 of which contain garbage.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove exposed drums and batteriesBDIDR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5. 13 Site 13 - Former Radar Power StationThis area is located east of the pond located south of Troutman Lake. The radar power stationconsisted of two wooden Quonset huts, one long wooden building, and a number of ISO-foottowers that were reportedly demolished and buried on-site (E&E, 1993). Remaining surficialdebris and stains include wire and pieces of ceramic material, guy wire, pipes, and a 9-squarefoot area of darkened gravel containing burned wood and rusted electrical equipment.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: NoneBDIDR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5.14 Site 14 - Navy Plane Crash SiteThis site is located approximately 7 miles south of the Village of Gambell. The main body of theplane, which crashed in 1955, remains on the tundra with r-;bris largely confined to theFINAL Phase 11 Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskao page 1-21immediate area surrounding the plane. According to E&E (1992), the belly gasoline tankexploded and most of the fuels burned, leaving no apparent stains or any stressed vegetationsurrounding the crash site. Per the SOW for the 1994 RI, no samples were to be collected fromthis site.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: NoneBDIDR: NoneSoil and Water: No further action1.5.15 Site 15 - Troutman Lake Ordnance Burial SiteA suspected ordnance burial site is located at the north end of Troutman Lake. This site isreportedly submerged and no traces of this site are visible along the shores of Troutman Lake.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: NoneBDIDR: NoneSoil and Water: No further action1.5.16 Site 16 - Gambell Municipal Building SiteThis site consists of a 35-foot by 55-foot area of stained gravel located immediately west of theMunicipal Building. Staining is most visible immediately after rainfall, or if the top 6 inches ofgravel is removed. The origin of the stain is unknown. It could be the result of spills occurringduring the construction of the Municipal Building or local motor vehicle traffic. An areaimmediately to the west of Site 16 is a house with about a dozen motor vehicles (snowmobiles,ATVs, dirt bikes) in disrepair. Shortly after Montgomery Watson collected the samples fromthis area, parts of Site 16 were excavated by the Village Electric Cooperative as part of generalconstruction work conducted to lay power cables.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: NoneFINAL Phase 1/ Remedial Investigation, Gambell, Alaskao page 1-22BD/DR: NoneSoil and Water: No further action1.5. 17 Site 17 - Army LandfillsThis site is located immediately south of Site lA, and immediately north of Site 6. There are twolandfills in this area which contain materials that were regulaily burned and covered (E&E,1993). Surface debris exposed in this area observed during the 1994 RI includes: drums,landing mat, scrap metal, and exposed drum tops.Contaminants of Concern: NoneRecommended Remedial Action:CONIHTRW: Remove wasteBD/DR: Remove debrisSoil and Water: No further action1.5. 18 Site 18 - Former Main CampThis area is adjacent to the northeast end of Troutman Lake and extends from the location of thecurrent Municipal Building east to the high school. There were reportedly ten 25,000 gallon fueltanks present on the site. The disposition of these tanks, including whether or not they wereaboveground, underground or disposed of, is not known (E&E, 1993). White powdery materialcan be seen along the berm which borders Troutman Lake. The material has been tentativelyidentified as diatomaceous earth, previously used for water filtration by the Army (Waller, 1959).According to E&E (1993), this material contained minerals such as aluminum, calcium,magnesium, and sodium and was determined to be non-hazardous.1.5.19 Background SiteThis area is located northeast of Site 5 and consists of one monitoring well location (MW14).This site was identified during the 1994 RI to provide representative background soil andgroundwater concentrations for the entire Gambell site.FINAL Phase /l Remedial Investigation. Gambell, Alaskaa page 1-23JOB No. 1189090.01TIl.4E: 21-0EC-1998 11:18"'-"./,~FILE: s:\cod\pro J\usoce\llJombell\wrkpln\slte4\ fQu.dllJn(.// L,~*-I )~-!"i'".- ,,~~, ~. ,.-.',1,:"I- r"'-'~• -,.,0,-., ....,,~< ~ "'1~'>0t.....c:: ' i'\-~,~':;':'~:-'••" ' \'~ I'· -.It .~..l"t.itC.....P"'_"I-" " '". . .,tre: : ;-I- =J;: ~. . .- :;~(-;J'1~-\-"'{;,'vt".o.p,I0•\,~l.'/~",~ -5*678910II121315161718Key:~CIl~'0ZDescriptionNorth Beach/Army Landing AreaNorth Beach/Air Force Landing AreaFormer Military Housing/Operations SiteFormer Communications SiteSevuokuk Mt.lQuonset Hut AreaSevuokuk Mt.lFormer Radar StationSevuokuk Mt.lStream Drainage at South End of MountainSevuokuk MtIrransformers in Mountainside DrainageFormer Tramway SiteWest Beach/Military LandfillFormer Military Power Site/Former Motor PoolArmy LandfillAsphalt Barrel CacheSevuokuk Mountain Trail SystemCommunications Cable RouteNayvaghaq Land Disposal SiteFormer Radar Power StationTroutman Lake Ordnance Burial SiteGambell Municipal Building SiteArmy LandfillsFormer Main Camp0..c!I:SiteIAIB234A4B4C40~c0CIl...u~::l'0CIl~c'C0~'0u~::0..§...CIl~~~"0'":::l.0c:::leUCIlCIl0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX~c0..~~cCIl'-0..""~CIl2:l...u~::lCIl§Cll)E:.all)CIl...;>,~CIlc;u'Vi;>,.cXXXXXXXXXXXXCIl~0.:: :E t'0.. o 0§ ...E -cCIl'"0en15-3CIlc;uVi;>,c.ce...0.=c..;>,Q.,00...'"c;>0c.. ...E~ ~'C...0- .0'"...~ ClCIl~CIl...'-'iii~"0c::le0'0CIl~c'C0~-....~::l'"::l.0c0~c;jenc~::XXXXXXXXXXCIlgc:::lCUVi0CIl"0eCIl~0XXXXXXXXMt. - Mountain*Information concerning Gambell Site 5 will be contained in a separate report. "Remedial Investigation Gambell Site 5" (Montgomery Watson, 1999).FINAL Phase II Remediallllvestigation, Gambell, Alaska;>,...2:l""~OJ~~c'C3'2XXXXXXXXX...- §0.o page 1-281::::lIhe ,ieinil~shm p mellli edges pi esenlll'blanding "'IIIDBf9RIhe •ieinil,,~ellble wire(lI)::::*,~ ;,;',(: i",!". ',,1Site41Area'0 .I.bDBf9R•miscellaneous metal debrismetal sheetingmetal gas tank(a)empty drums(a).'BO/ORBOIDRCONIHTWCON/HTWITlIVe!Me pottnth1003J35 Ipounds0sharp metal edges hazardousto villagers who hunt. orchildren exploring invicinity; fog is common onmountaintop which increaseschance of collision890 I pounds0sharp metal edges hazardousto villagers who hunt. orchildren explorir ut vicinityN/AN/A15 pounds50 pounds80 I pounds000:. j"•. !,,iii'."!Table 5·1Summary of DERP·FUDS Eligible Debris and Physi~ HazardsGambell. St. Lawrence Island. AlaskaSite LocationFUDScategorization!eligihilityDebrisEv~uationofPhyg~HazardEstimatedQuantityEstimatedRemovedQuantity Unitsin 1997NOTE: Striheellt te'lt indicates that debris was removed (or partially removed) in 199710 kW generators(a)N/A\,700 I poundsCON/HTW2 engine blocksN/ACONIHTW400 poundsSite4fArea 4&,"S5by~ ~ &,~(signature)1. Were custody seals on outside of cooler and intact? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..+ ~ btu."- 1e-8-\ &IN'o-a. If YES, how many and where:YES NOv-\;.....~ NO2. Were custody papers taped to the lid inside the cooler? . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..w;:> NO3. Were custody papers properly filled out (ink, signed, dated, etc.)? . . . . . . ..~ NO4. Did you sign custody papers in the appropriate place? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@5. Did you attach shipper's packing slip to this form?~ NOb. Were signature and date correct?6. What kind of packing material was used?.~lLku:t£A.f--7. Was sufficient i~ed (if appropriate)? ~...Approved by~~())~ NO5.3"cTemperatureqt.rDate DNO8. Were all bottles sealed in separate plastic bags?..@ NO9.. Did all bottles arrive i~ good condition (unbroken)?.~10. Were all bottle labels complete (ID. No., dated, Anal. method, etc,)NO~NO.11. Did all bottle labels agree with custody papers?.~NO12. Were correct bottles used for the tests indicated?.@NO13. If present, were VOA vials/containers checked for absence of air bubbles/.head space and noted if found? Size of bubble '), fhlU'44..'fS '114. Was sufficient volume of sample sent in each bottle?15. Were correct pres~sed?Approved by: ~DateIf not approved:\ ' \ (l a. Name of person contacted ~b. Corrective action taken; if necessary:,3..~~NO--z.~NOYES®> I'--L \ c:;UI i1rYt.U.eJ..=-= Date ~0 \I ._.(see attached)c0I ref 2 SQ-..W\ P\e...s ~ r C} ~, G A,?1 M'U ;5$0 \ ~-Lurl~ \ed±\e.s) ~s t1C ,~sexve.eR w d:b i+